Abstract
Purpose – This conceptual article reframes Q. 67:17 (al-Mulk) as a resource for Islamic religious education rather than only as an ecotheological interpretation. It asks how a Qur’anic threat narrative can be taught to cultivate ecological responsibility, religious literacy, and ecological leadership without reducing contemporary disasters to direct divine punishment.
Methods/Design/Approach – This qualitative conceptual study applies Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) to four tafsir: Ibn Kathir, al-Jalalayn, al-Wajiz by Wahbah al-Zuhaili, and the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs’ tahlili tafsir. The resulting categories are synthesized with Islamic ecotheology, religious education, Islamic values education, and sustainability education literature to develop a pedagogical framework.
Findings – The QCA identifies cross-tafsir categories of ḥāṣiban, false sense of security, social-moral conditions, warnings for individuals, communities, and rulers, and the rahmah-threat tension. The QCA-informed synthesis yields a three-layer model consisting of a textual-tafsiri layer, a normative ecotheological layer, and a pedagogical praxis layer.
Originality/Value – The article contributes to religious education research by showing how Islamic scriptural interpretation can support ecological religious literacy, ethically bounded classroom reflection, and practical responsibility in Muslim educational settings.
Practical Implications – The model can inform curriculum design, classroom inquiry, institutional culture, and ecological leadership by helping teachers, curriculum designers, and educational leaders connect Qur’anic learning with ecological responsibility while avoiding unsupported causal claims about particular disasters.
Keywords Islamic religious education, ecological religious literacy, Q. 67:17, Qualitative Content Analysis, ecological leadership.
Paper type Conceptual article
Keywords
References
Aeni, N., & Anwar, M. K. (2024). Hydrometeorological disaster: Challenges and mitigation in Indonesia. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(1), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.59141/jist.v5i01.888
Akhlaq, S. H. (2018). Christian–Muslim cooperation demonstrating God’s image/caliph in ecotheology. The Ecumenical Review, 70(4), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/erev.12392
Aldrin, V. (2024). Climate change in religious education and the importance of hope: A systematic review of international journal articles 2000–2022. Religious Education, 119(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2024.2340175
Altmeyer, S. (2021). Religious education for ecological sustainability: An initial reality check using the example of everyday decision-making. Journal of Religious Education, 69(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-020-00131-5
al-Mahalli, J. al-D., & al-Suyuti, J. al-D. (2004). Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Dar al-Ma‘rifah.
al-Zuhayli, W. (2001). Al-Wajiz fi tafsir al-Qur’an al-Karim. Dar al-Fikr.
Alumona, N. O., & Alumona, C. M. (2025). Ecomoderationism (wasatiyyah) in Islamic thoughts: Towards a familial affinity between man and nature. Cogito, 17(2), 80.
Amir-Moezzi, M. A. (2015). The Night of Qadr (Qur’an, surah 97) in ancient Shi’ism: Aspects of Twelver Imamology XV. MIDÉO: Mélanges de l’Institut dominicain d’études orientales du Caire, 31, 181–204.
Begum, A., Liu, J., Haider, M., Ajmal, M. M., Khan, S., & Han, H. (2021). Impact of environmental moral education on pro-environmental behaviour: Do psychological empowerment and Islamic religiosity matter? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041604
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Bensaid, B. (2023). An overview of Muslim spiritual eco-education. Journal of Dharma, 48(4). https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/jd/article/view/4288
Elihami, E., & Pajarianto, H. (2025). Sustainable development goals through Islamic education: A literature review. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 19(4), 2042–2053. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v19i4.21308
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Everington, J. (2013). The interpretive approach and bridging the “theory-practice gap”: Action research with student teachers of religious education in England. Religion & Education, 40(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.745359
Farabi, M. A., Hidayati, Y., Lutfiah, I., Sofwan, M., & Fathimah, L. (2025). Pendidikan lingkungan dalam QS Al-Mulk ayat 3 4. Research and Development Journal of Education, 11(1), 1 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/rdje.v11i1.26650
Gonzalez, V. (2019). Aesthetics in Surat al-Mulk: Mathematical typology as metaphysical mirror. Darulfunun Ilahiyat, 30(1), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2019.30.1.0007
Hidayat, A. (2015). Pendidikan Islam dan lingkungan hidup. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(2), 373 389. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2015.42.373-389
Horrell, D. G., & Davis, A. (2014). Engaging the Bible in GCSE and A level Religious Studies: Environmental stewardship as a test case. British Journal of Religious Education, 36(1), 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2013.848183
Hussain, S. (2021). Stylistic cum hermeneutic trends in modern Quranic exegesis: An analysis of Allama Hameed Al-Din Farahi’s (1862-1930 A.D.) approach and its explanation. QURANICA: International Journal of Quranic Research, 13(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.22452/quranica.vol13no1.2
Ibn Kathir, I. I. (2011). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim [Tafsir Ibn Kathir]. Maktabat al-Rushd Nashiru.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (2019). Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES Secretariat.
Ismail, N. S. B., & Sharif, Z. B. (2016). The comparison between listening to Surah Al-Mulk and Surah Al-Hasyr using EEG. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS) (pp. 28–33). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CACIS.2016.7885284
Jickling, B., & Wals, A. E. J. (2008). Globalization and environmental education: Looking beyond sustainable development. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 40(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220270701684667
Jackson, R. (2008). Contextual religious education and the interpretive approach. British Journal of Religious Education, 30(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200701711675
Kadir, M. N. A., Usman, A. H., Ibrahim, M., & Ali, M. A. M. (2014). An analysis on Shihab’s methodology: How do pronouns applied? Asian Social Science, 10(17), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n17p185
Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. (2011). Tafsir tahlili: Al-Qur’an dan tafsirnya [Versi digital]. Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf Al-Qur’an, Kementerian Agama RI. https://pustakalajnah.kemenag.go.id/koleksi?kategori=tafsir-tahlil
Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(1), Article 21. http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-06/06-1-21-e.htm
La Fua, J., Nurlila, R. U., Gunawan, F., & Wekke, I. S. (2018). Islamic education on formation of environmental awareness in pondok pesantren Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 156(1), 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/156/1/012035
Latif, M., Hanafi, D., Damis, R., & Goncing, A. (2023). Environmental theology and its relevance to Islamic law: Perception of Makassar Muslim scholars, Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(3), 1734–1756. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.18905
Mohamed, N. (2014). Capturing Green Curriculum Spaces in the Maktab: Implications for Environmental Teaching and Learning. In: Chapman, J., McNamara, S., Reiss, M., Waghid, Y. (eds) International Handbook of Learning, Teaching and Leading in Faith-Based Schools. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8972-1_19
Mohamed, N. Islamic Education, Eco-ethics and Community. Stud Philos Educ 33, 315–328 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-013-9387-y
Mustaqim, A. (2017). The epistemology of Javanese Qur'anic exegesis: A study of Sālih Darat's Fayd al-Rahmān. Al-Jami'ah, 55(2), 357–390. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2017.552.357-390
Orr, D. W. (1994). Earth in mind: On education, environment, and the human prospect. Island Press.
Ratnasari, J., & Chodijah, S. (2020). Kerusakan lingkungan menurut sains dan Ahmad Mustafa Al-Maraghi: Studi Tafsir Al-Maraghi pada Surat Al-Rum ayat 41, Al-Mulk ayat 3 4 dan Al-A’raf ayat 56. Al Tadabbur: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir, 5(1), 121 136. https://doi.org/10.30868/at.v5i1.702
Rohmana, J. A. (2018). Tafsīr lantropīyat al-Qur’ān al-Karīm fī Indonesia: Musāhamat Tafsīr Sūrat al-Mā‘ūn li Kiai al-Ḥāj ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm (1887-1962). Studia Islamika, 25(3), 589–638. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v25i3.6367
Romdloni, M. A., Fitriyah, F. K., Djazilan, M. S., & Taufiq, M. (2024). Eco-theology: Habits and lifestyle of santri in Indonesian Islamic boarding schools. E3S Web of Conferences, 482, 04030. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448204030
Rozi, S. (2019). Understanding the concept of ecosufism: Harmony and the relationship of God, nature and humans in mystical philosophy of Ibn Arabi. Ulumuna, 23(2), 242–265. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v23i1.354
Saharjo, B. H., & Novita, N. (2022). The high potential of peatland fires management for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 13(1), 53–65.
Sakat, A. A., Usman, A. H., Masruri, M., Amin, M. F. M., Ahmad, M. N., & Kadir, M. N. A. (2015). Qur’anic words: An analysis on Shihab’s rules of exegesis in Tafsir Al-Mishbah. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4 S1), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p454
Sauvé, L. (2005). Currents in environmental education: Mapping a complex and evolving pedagogical field. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 10, 11–37.
Shefer-Mossensohn, M. (2025). Modern Islamic Eco-Religion: Historical Contexts. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 19(2), 237-264. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.27632
Sıçak, A. S. (2019). Tafannun (stylistic variation) in similar meanings and utterances in the Qur’an. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi, 23(2), 739–763. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.598291
Sterling, S. (2001). Sustainable education: Re-visioning learning and change. Green Books.
Usman, A. H., Fattah, M., Amin, M. F. M., Abdullah, W. N. W., Othman, F. M., & Kadir, M. N. A. (2015). The rules of interpretation: How do al-‘ām and al-khāṣ applied in Shihab’s exegesis? Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4 S1), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p523
Yuza, A. F., Abdul Manaf, H., & Zainal. (2023). Deforestation policy governance in Indonesia. CosmoGov: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 9(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.24198/cosmogov.v9i1.44778
Licensing
©️ 2025 The Author(s). Published by Global Educational Research Review.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The terms of this license allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript or Published Version in institutional or subject repositories by the author(s).
Reprints and Permissions
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Permission is not required to reuse this article, in part or whole, as long as proper
attribution is given
to the original work.
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References
Aeni, N., & Anwar, M. K. (2024). Hydrometeorological disaster: Challenges and mitigation in Indonesia. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(1), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.59141/jist.v5i01.888
Akhlaq, S. H. (2018). Christian–Muslim cooperation demonstrating God’s image/caliph in ecotheology. The Ecumenical Review, 70(4), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/erev.12392
Aldrin, V. (2024). Climate change in religious education and the importance of hope: A systematic review of international journal articles 2000–2022. Religious Education, 119(3), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2024.2340175
Altmeyer, S. (2021). Religious education for ecological sustainability: An initial reality check using the example of everyday decision-making. Journal of Religious Education, 69(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-020-00131-5
al-Mahalli, J. al-D., & al-Suyuti, J. al-D. (2004). Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Dar al-Ma‘rifah.
al-Zuhayli, W. (2001). Al-Wajiz fi tafsir al-Qur’an al-Karim. Dar al-Fikr.
Alumona, N. O., & Alumona, C. M. (2025). Ecomoderationism (wasatiyyah) in Islamic thoughts: Towards a familial affinity between man and nature. Cogito, 17(2), 80.
Amir-Moezzi, M. A. (2015). The Night of Qadr (Qur’an, surah 97) in ancient Shi’ism: Aspects of Twelver Imamology XV. MIDÉO: Mélanges de l’Institut dominicain d’études orientales du Caire, 31, 181–204.
Begum, A., Liu, J., Haider, M., Ajmal, M. M., Khan, S., & Han, H. (2021). Impact of environmental moral education on pro-environmental behaviour: Do psychological empowerment and Islamic religiosity matter? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041604
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Bensaid, B. (2023). An overview of Muslim spiritual eco-education. Journal of Dharma, 48(4). https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/jd/article/view/4288
Elihami, E., & Pajarianto, H. (2025). Sustainable development goals through Islamic education: A literature review. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 19(4), 2042–2053. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v19i4.21308
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Everington, J. (2013). The interpretive approach and bridging the “theory-practice gap”: Action research with student teachers of religious education in England. Religion & Education, 40(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.745359
Farabi, M. A., Hidayati, Y., Lutfiah, I., Sofwan, M., & Fathimah, L. (2025). Pendidikan lingkungan dalam QS Al-Mulk ayat 3 4. Research and Development Journal of Education, 11(1), 1 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/rdje.v11i1.26650
Gonzalez, V. (2019). Aesthetics in Surat al-Mulk: Mathematical typology as metaphysical mirror. Darulfunun Ilahiyat, 30(1), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2019.30.1.0007
Hidayat, A. (2015). Pendidikan Islam dan lingkungan hidup. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(2), 373 389. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2015.42.373-389
Horrell, D. G., & Davis, A. (2014). Engaging the Bible in GCSE and A level Religious Studies: Environmental stewardship as a test case. British Journal of Religious Education, 36(1), 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2013.848183
Hussain, S. (2021). Stylistic cum hermeneutic trends in modern Quranic exegesis: An analysis of Allama Hameed Al-Din Farahi’s (1862-1930 A.D.) approach and its explanation. QURANICA: International Journal of Quranic Research, 13(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.22452/quranica.vol13no1.2
Ibn Kathir, I. I. (2011). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim [Tafsir Ibn Kathir]. Maktabat al-Rushd Nashiru.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (2019). Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES Secretariat.
Ismail, N. S. B., & Sharif, Z. B. (2016). The comparison between listening to Surah Al-Mulk and Surah Al-Hasyr using EEG. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS) (pp. 28–33). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CACIS.2016.7885284
Jickling, B., & Wals, A. E. J. (2008). Globalization and environmental education: Looking beyond sustainable development. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 40(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220270701684667
Jackson, R. (2008). Contextual religious education and the interpretive approach. British Journal of Religious Education, 30(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200701711675
Kadir, M. N. A., Usman, A. H., Ibrahim, M., & Ali, M. A. M. (2014). An analysis on Shihab’s methodology: How do pronouns applied? Asian Social Science, 10(17), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n17p185
Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. (2011). Tafsir tahlili: Al-Qur’an dan tafsirnya [Versi digital]. Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf Al-Qur’an, Kementerian Agama RI. https://pustakalajnah.kemenag.go.id/koleksi?kategori=tafsir-tahlil
Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(1), Article 21. http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-06/06-1-21-e.htm
La Fua, J., Nurlila, R. U., Gunawan, F., & Wekke, I. S. (2018). Islamic education on formation of environmental awareness in pondok pesantren Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 156(1), 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/156/1/012035
Latif, M., Hanafi, D., Damis, R., & Goncing, A. (2023). Environmental theology and its relevance to Islamic law: Perception of Makassar Muslim scholars, Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(3), 1734–1756. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.18905
Mohamed, N. (2014). Capturing Green Curriculum Spaces in the Maktab: Implications for Environmental Teaching and Learning. In: Chapman, J., McNamara, S., Reiss, M., Waghid, Y. (eds) International Handbook of Learning, Teaching and Leading in Faith-Based Schools. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8972-1_19
Mohamed, N. Islamic Education, Eco-ethics and Community. Stud Philos Educ 33, 315–328 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-013-9387-y
Mustaqim, A. (2017). The epistemology of Javanese Qur'anic exegesis: A study of Sālih Darat's Fayd al-Rahmān. Al-Jami'ah, 55(2), 357–390. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2017.552.357-390
Orr, D. W. (1994). Earth in mind: On education, environment, and the human prospect. Island Press.
Ratnasari, J., & Chodijah, S. (2020). Kerusakan lingkungan menurut sains dan Ahmad Mustafa Al-Maraghi: Studi Tafsir Al-Maraghi pada Surat Al-Rum ayat 41, Al-Mulk ayat 3 4 dan Al-A’raf ayat 56. Al Tadabbur: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir, 5(1), 121 136. https://doi.org/10.30868/at.v5i1.702
Rohmana, J. A. (2018). Tafsīr lantropīyat al-Qur’ān al-Karīm fī Indonesia: Musāhamat Tafsīr Sūrat al-Mā‘ūn li Kiai al-Ḥāj ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm (1887-1962). Studia Islamika, 25(3), 589–638. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v25i3.6367
Romdloni, M. A., Fitriyah, F. K., Djazilan, M. S., & Taufiq, M. (2024). Eco-theology: Habits and lifestyle of santri in Indonesian Islamic boarding schools. E3S Web of Conferences, 482, 04030. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448204030
Rozi, S. (2019). Understanding the concept of ecosufism: Harmony and the relationship of God, nature and humans in mystical philosophy of Ibn Arabi. Ulumuna, 23(2), 242–265. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v23i1.354
Saharjo, B. H., & Novita, N. (2022). The high potential of peatland fires management for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 13(1), 53–65.
Sakat, A. A., Usman, A. H., Masruri, M., Amin, M. F. M., Ahmad, M. N., & Kadir, M. N. A. (2015). Qur’anic words: An analysis on Shihab’s rules of exegesis in Tafsir Al-Mishbah. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4 S1), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p454
Sauvé, L. (2005). Currents in environmental education: Mapping a complex and evolving pedagogical field. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 10, 11–37.
Shefer-Mossensohn, M. (2025). Modern Islamic Eco-Religion: Historical Contexts. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 19(2), 237-264. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.27632
Sıçak, A. S. (2019). Tafannun (stylistic variation) in similar meanings and utterances in the Qur’an. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi, 23(2), 739–763. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.598291
Sterling, S. (2001). Sustainable education: Re-visioning learning and change. Green Books.
Usman, A. H., Fattah, M., Amin, M. F. M., Abdullah, W. N. W., Othman, F. M., & Kadir, M. N. A. (2015). The rules of interpretation: How do al-‘ām and al-khāṣ applied in Shihab’s exegesis? Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4 S1), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p523
Yuza, A. F., Abdul Manaf, H., & Zainal. (2023). Deforestation policy governance in Indonesia. CosmoGov: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 9(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.24198/cosmogov.v9i1.44778
Licensing
©️ 2025 The Author(s). Published by Global Educational Research Review.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The terms of this license allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript or Published Version in institutional or subject repositories by the author(s).
Reprints and Permissions
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Permission is not required to reuse this article, in part or whole, as long as proper attribution is
given
to the original work.