Abstract
Purpose – This study addresses a critical gap in character education literature by examining how Indonesian parents in diaspora settings, specifically those with children attending Sekolah Indonesia Kuala Lumpur (SIKL), perceive and implement character education within the family. Given Generation Alpha’s deep immersion in technology and the shifting cultural identities of diaspora families, this research highlights the need for moral resilience fostered through family-based character development.
Methods/Design/Approach – Using a qualitative approach, the study employed Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews involving 30 purposively selected parents of SIKL students across grades X–XII. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, then thematically analyzed with the support of NVivo software. The analysis focused on six key dimensions of parental involvement: parenting, communication, home-based learning, contribution, decision-making, and collaboration.
Findings – Parents consistently associated character education with empathy, honesty, religiosity, and emotional intelligence. Role modeling (35%), discussion and reflection (45%), and open communication emerged as dominant methods. Major challenges included children’s technology dependence (65%), limited parent–child time, and academic stress. Key support resources included family centers, faith communities, parenting groups, and social media networks.
Originality/Value – This study offers novel insights into character education within transnational families, emphasizing the strategic role of parental engagement in preserving national identity and moral values in intercultural contexts. While exploratory, the study's findings serve as a theoretical and practical foundation for future research across diaspora settings.
Practical Implications – Schools serving diaspora populations should institutionalize collaborative character education programs with active parental involvement. Family-centered training modules, value-based projects, and intercultural parenting forums are essential to maintain consistency in moral education. The study’s geographic and informant scope presents limitations, inviting future research to include student and teacher perspectives for a more holistic understanding.
Keywords Character education, diaspora families, parental involvement, Generation Alpha, transnational education
Paper type Research paper
Keywords
References
Akmal, Y., Koeswantono, S., Hartati, S., & Hikmah. (2020). Character Development in Generation Alpha Through Social-Emotional Learning With Parent Involvement. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Early Childhood Care Education and Parenting (ICECCEP 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.091
Al-Hail, M. A., Al-Fagih, L., & Koç, M. (2021). Partnering for Sustainability: Parent-Teacher-School (PTS) Interactions in the Qatar Education System. Sustainability, 13(12), 6639. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126639
Aningsih, ., Zulela, M., Neolaka, A., Iasha, V., & Setiawan, B. (2022). How is the Education Character Implemented? The Case Study in Indonesian Elementary School. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(1), 371. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0029
Arliman S, L., Arif, E., & Sarmiati, S. (2022). PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER UNTUK MENGATASI DEGRADASI MORAL KOMUNIKASI KELUARGA. Ensiklopedia of Journal, 4(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.33559/eoj.v4i2.1056
Aryani, E. D., Fadjrin, N., Azzahro’, T. A., & Fitriono, R. A. (2022). Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Dalam Pendidikan Karakter. Gema Keadilan, 9(3), 13. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2022.16430
Asif, T., Guangming, O., Haider, M. A., Colomer, J., Kayani, S., & Amin, N. ul. (2020). Moral Education for Sustainable Development: Comparison of University Teachers’ Perceptions in China and Pakistan. Sustainability, 12(7), 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12073014
Astuti, R. W., Waluyo, H. J., & Rohmadi, M. (2019). Character Education Values in Animation Movie of Nussa and Rarra. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(4), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.610
Bates, A. (2019). Character education and the ‘priority of recognition.’ Cambridge Journal of Education, 49(6), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2019.1590529
Bazeley, P. (2021). Using NVivo for Mixed Methods Research. In The Routledge Reviewer’s Guide to Mixed Methods Analysis (pp. 343–354). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203729434-29
Betawi, A. (2020). Calling for character education: promoting moral integrity in early childhood education in Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 190(5), 738–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1489383
Birhan, W., Shiferaw, G., Amsalu, A., Tamiru, M., & Tiruye, H. (2021). Exploring the context of teaching character education to children in preprimary and primary schools. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100171
Bozak, A. (2021). Instructional Reverse Mentoring a Practice Proposal for Teachers Understanding. International Journal Of Eurasia Social Sciences, 12(43), 114–142. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.2877
Ceka, A., & Murati, R. (2016). The Role of Parents in the Education of Children. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(5), 61–64.
Cholifah, S., & Faelasup. (2024). Educational Environment in the Implementation of Character Education. Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET), 3(2), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v3i2.418
Crewell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fifth). Sage Publications Ltd.
Defitrika, F., & Mahmudah, F. N. (2021). DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION AS CHARACTER BUILDING. International Journal of Educational Management and Innovation, 2(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.12928/ijemi.v2i1.3195
Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of Research Writing and Uses of Research Methodologies (First). Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.
Dienlin, T., & Johannes, N. (2020). The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being . Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin
Drugas, M. (2022). SCREENAGERS OR “SCREAMAGERS”? CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON GENERATION ALPHA. Psychological Thought, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37708/psyct.v15i1.732
Everett, S., & Aloudat, A. S. (2017). Analysing qualitative data using NVivo. In Research Methods for Tourism Students (pp. 195–202). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203703588-16
Galletta, A. (2020). Mastering the Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
Gusma, N. M., Hartinah, S., & Apriani, D. (2022). Transformational Leadership In Realizing Humanist Character Education For The Alpha Generation. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, MALAPY 2022, 28 May 2022, Tegal, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-5-2022.2320484
Hennink, M. M. (2014). Focus Group Discussion: Understanding Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press.
Hermino, A., & Arifin, I. (2020). Contextual Character Education for Students in the Senior High School. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1009–1023. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.3.1009
Hidayat, M., & Rozak, R. W. A. (2022). CHARACTER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA: HOW IS IT INTERNALIZED AND IMPLEMENTED IN VIRTUAL LEARNING? Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.45920
Hidayati, N. A., Waluyo, H. J., Winarni, R., & Suyitno, S. (2020). Exploring the Implementation of Local Wisdom-Based Character Education among Indonesian Higher Education Students. International Journal of Instruction, 13(2), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13213a
Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2022). Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1
Lapsley, D. K., & Narvaez, D. (2007). Character Education. In Handbook of Child Psychology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0407
Lavy, S. (2020). A Review of Character Strengths Interventions in Twenty-First-Century Schools: their Importance and How they can be Fostered. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15(2), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9700-6
Li, Z., & Qiu, Z. (2018). How does family background affect children’s educational achievement? Evidence from Contemporary China. Journal of Chinese Sociology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-018-0083-8
Lilawati, A. (2024). The Role Of The School Environment In Shaping Children’s Character. EDUTEC : Journal of Education And Technology, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.29062/edu.v7i4.955
Martati, B., & Haryanti, T. (2023). Phenomenology of Character Education from Elementary School Student Literacy in the Covid-19 Era. Journal of Nonformal Education, 9(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v9i1.41883
Miller, D. (2023). Embracing the Technological Metamorphosis: Envisioning Higher Education for Generation Alpha in a Shifting Educational Landscape. International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS), 3(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1492
Munafiah, N., Novianti, C., & Ferianto, F. (2023). The Position of Teachers in the Development of Early Childhood Character Education. Al-Athfaal: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajipaud.v6i1.15884
Mustoip, S., Al Ghozali, M. I., As, U. S., & Sanhaji, S. Y. (2023). Implementation of Character Education through Children’s Language Development in Elementary Schools. IJECA (International Journal of Education and Curriculum Application), 6(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.31764/ijeca.v6i2.14192
Panggabean, J. Z. Z. (2022). Reflecting the Value of Character Education in Lesson Planning. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 6(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v6i1.41427
Paul, S.-A. S., Hart, P., Augustin, L., Clarke, P. J., & Pike, M. (2022). Parents’ perspectives on home-based character education activities. Journal of Family Studies, 28(3), 1158–1180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1806097
Pradana, D. A., Mahfud, M., Hermawan, C., & Susanti, H. D. (2021). Nasionalism: Character Education Orientation in Learning Development. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(4), 4026–4034. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i4.1501
Pring, R. (2021). Education as a Moral Practice. In The RoutledgeFalmer Reader in Philosophy of Education (pp. 195–205). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003209317-21
Rahayu, S. (2023). PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER PESERTA DIDIK MERDEKA BELAJAR DI MIN 22.
Ramadhani, T., Widiyanta, D., Sumayana, Y., Santoso, R. Y., Agustin, P. D., & Al-Amin. (2024). The Role Of Character Education In Forming Ethical And Responsible Students. IJGIE (International Journal of Graduate of Islamic Education), 5(2), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.37567/ijgie.v5i2.3064
Ritonga, A. W. (2022). Role of Teachers and Parents in Realizing Character Education in the Digital Era. Indonesian Values and Character Education Journal, 5(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.23887/ivcej.v5i1.39729
Sakti, R. (2019). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Pada Abad 21. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini, 1(1), 1–10.
Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-Span Development (Issue 1). McGrawHill.
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2019). The Impact of Signature Character Strengths Interventions: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1179–1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9990-2
Singh, B. (2019). Character education in the 21st century. Journal of Social Studies (JSS), 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21831/jss.v15i1.25226
Sugiarti, R., Erlangga, E., Suhariadi, F., Winta, M. V. I., & Pribadi, A. S. (2022). The influence of parenting on building character in adolescents. Heliyon, 8(5), e09349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09349
Sujarwo, S., Kusumawardani, E., Prasetyo, I., & Herwin, H. (2021). Parent involvement in adolescents’ education: A case study of partnership models. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(4), 1563–1581. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i4.6013
Supena, I., Darmuki, A., & Hariyadi, A. (2021). The Influence of 4C (Constructive, Critical, Creativity, Collaborative) Learning Model on Students’ Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 873–892. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14351a
Susanti, A. (2023). Digitalization of Media Create Precocious Alpha Generation. Jurnal Spektrum Komunikasi, 11(2), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.37826/spektrum.v11i2.474
Susilo, M. J., Dewantoro, M. H., & Yuningsih, Y. (2022). Character education trend in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 16(2), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v16i2.20411
Syarnubi, S., Mansir, F., Purnomo, M. E., Harto, K., & Hawi, A. (2021). Implementing Character Education in Madrasah. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v7i1.8449
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References
Akmal, Y., Koeswantono, S., Hartati, S., & Hikmah. (2020). Character Development in Generation Alpha Through Social-Emotional Learning With Parent Involvement. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Early Childhood Care Education and Parenting (ICECCEP 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.091
Al-Hail, M. A., Al-Fagih, L., & Koç, M. (2021). Partnering for Sustainability: Parent-Teacher-School (PTS) Interactions in the Qatar Education System. Sustainability, 13(12), 6639. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126639
Aningsih, ., Zulela, M., Neolaka, A., Iasha, V., & Setiawan, B. (2022). How is the Education Character Implemented? The Case Study in Indonesian Elementary School. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(1), 371. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0029
Arliman S, L., Arif, E., & Sarmiati, S. (2022). PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER UNTUK MENGATASI DEGRADASI MORAL KOMUNIKASI KELUARGA. Ensiklopedia of Journal, 4(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.33559/eoj.v4i2.1056
Aryani, E. D., Fadjrin, N., Azzahro’, T. A., & Fitriono, R. A. (2022). Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Dalam Pendidikan Karakter. Gema Keadilan, 9(3), 13. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2022.16430
Asif, T., Guangming, O., Haider, M. A., Colomer, J., Kayani, S., & Amin, N. ul. (2020). Moral Education for Sustainable Development: Comparison of University Teachers’ Perceptions in China and Pakistan. Sustainability, 12(7), 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12073014
Astuti, R. W., Waluyo, H. J., & Rohmadi, M. (2019). Character Education Values in Animation Movie of Nussa and Rarra. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(4), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.610
Bates, A. (2019). Character education and the ‘priority of recognition.’ Cambridge Journal of Education, 49(6), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2019.1590529
Bazeley, P. (2021). Using NVivo for Mixed Methods Research. In The Routledge Reviewer’s Guide to Mixed Methods Analysis (pp. 343–354). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203729434-29
Betawi, A. (2020). Calling for character education: promoting moral integrity in early childhood education in Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 190(5), 738–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1489383
Birhan, W., Shiferaw, G., Amsalu, A., Tamiru, M., & Tiruye, H. (2021). Exploring the context of teaching character education to children in preprimary and primary schools. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100171
Bozak, A. (2021). Instructional Reverse Mentoring a Practice Proposal for Teachers Understanding. International Journal Of Eurasia Social Sciences, 12(43), 114–142. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.2877
Ceka, A., & Murati, R. (2016). The Role of Parents in the Education of Children. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(5), 61–64.
Cholifah, S., & Faelasup. (2024). Educational Environment in the Implementation of Character Education. Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET), 3(2), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v3i2.418
Crewell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fifth). Sage Publications Ltd.
Defitrika, F., & Mahmudah, F. N. (2021). DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION AS CHARACTER BUILDING. International Journal of Educational Management and Innovation, 2(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.12928/ijemi.v2i1.3195
Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2023). Fundamentals of Research Writing and Uses of Research Methodologies (First). Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd.
Dienlin, T., & Johannes, N. (2020). The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being . Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin
Drugas, M. (2022). SCREENAGERS OR “SCREAMAGERS”? CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON GENERATION ALPHA. Psychological Thought, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37708/psyct.v15i1.732
Everett, S., & Aloudat, A. S. (2017). Analysing qualitative data using NVivo. In Research Methods for Tourism Students (pp. 195–202). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203703588-16
Galletta, A. (2020). Mastering the Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
Gusma, N. M., Hartinah, S., & Apriani, D. (2022). Transformational Leadership In Realizing Humanist Character Education For The Alpha Generation. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, MALAPY 2022, 28 May 2022, Tegal, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-5-2022.2320484
Hennink, M. M. (2014). Focus Group Discussion: Understanding Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press.
Hermino, A., & Arifin, I. (2020). Contextual Character Education for Students in the Senior High School. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1009–1023. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.3.1009
Hidayat, M., & Rozak, R. W. A. (2022). CHARACTER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA: HOW IS IT INTERNALIZED AND IMPLEMENTED IN VIRTUAL LEARNING? Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.45920
Hidayati, N. A., Waluyo, H. J., Winarni, R., & Suyitno, S. (2020). Exploring the Implementation of Local Wisdom-Based Character Education among Indonesian Higher Education Students. International Journal of Instruction, 13(2), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13213a
Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2022). Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1
Lapsley, D. K., & Narvaez, D. (2007). Character Education. In Handbook of Child Psychology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0407
Lavy, S. (2020). A Review of Character Strengths Interventions in Twenty-First-Century Schools: their Importance and How they can be Fostered. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15(2), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9700-6
Li, Z., & Qiu, Z. (2018). How does family background affect children’s educational achievement? Evidence from Contemporary China. Journal of Chinese Sociology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-018-0083-8
Lilawati, A. (2024). The Role Of The School Environment In Shaping Children’s Character. EDUTEC : Journal of Education And Technology, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.29062/edu.v7i4.955
Martati, B., & Haryanti, T. (2023). Phenomenology of Character Education from Elementary School Student Literacy in the Covid-19 Era. Journal of Nonformal Education, 9(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v9i1.41883
Miller, D. (2023). Embracing the Technological Metamorphosis: Envisioning Higher Education for Generation Alpha in a Shifting Educational Landscape. International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS), 3(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1492
Munafiah, N., Novianti, C., & Ferianto, F. (2023). The Position of Teachers in the Development of Early Childhood Character Education. Al-Athfaal: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajipaud.v6i1.15884
Mustoip, S., Al Ghozali, M. I., As, U. S., & Sanhaji, S. Y. (2023). Implementation of Character Education through Children’s Language Development in Elementary Schools. IJECA (International Journal of Education and Curriculum Application), 6(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.31764/ijeca.v6i2.14192
Panggabean, J. Z. Z. (2022). Reflecting the Value of Character Education in Lesson Planning. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 6(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v6i1.41427
Paul, S.-A. S., Hart, P., Augustin, L., Clarke, P. J., & Pike, M. (2022). Parents’ perspectives on home-based character education activities. Journal of Family Studies, 28(3), 1158–1180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1806097
Pradana, D. A., Mahfud, M., Hermawan, C., & Susanti, H. D. (2021). Nasionalism: Character Education Orientation in Learning Development. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(4), 4026–4034. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i4.1501
Pring, R. (2021). Education as a Moral Practice. In The RoutledgeFalmer Reader in Philosophy of Education (pp. 195–205). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003209317-21
Rahayu, S. (2023). PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER PESERTA DIDIK MERDEKA BELAJAR DI MIN 22.
Ramadhani, T., Widiyanta, D., Sumayana, Y., Santoso, R. Y., Agustin, P. D., & Al-Amin. (2024). The Role Of Character Education In Forming Ethical And Responsible Students. IJGIE (International Journal of Graduate of Islamic Education), 5(2), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.37567/ijgie.v5i2.3064
Ritonga, A. W. (2022). Role of Teachers and Parents in Realizing Character Education in the Digital Era. Indonesian Values and Character Education Journal, 5(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.23887/ivcej.v5i1.39729
Sakti, R. (2019). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Pada Abad 21. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini, 1(1), 1–10.
Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-Span Development (Issue 1). McGrawHill.
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2019). The Impact of Signature Character Strengths Interventions: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1179–1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9990-2
Singh, B. (2019). Character education in the 21st century. Journal of Social Studies (JSS), 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21831/jss.v15i1.25226
Sugiarti, R., Erlangga, E., Suhariadi, F., Winta, M. V. I., & Pribadi, A. S. (2022). The influence of parenting on building character in adolescents. Heliyon, 8(5), e09349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09349
Sujarwo, S., Kusumawardani, E., Prasetyo, I., & Herwin, H. (2021). Parent involvement in adolescents’ education: A case study of partnership models. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(4), 1563–1581. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i4.6013
Supena, I., Darmuki, A., & Hariyadi, A. (2021). The Influence of 4C (Constructive, Critical, Creativity, Collaborative) Learning Model on Students’ Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 873–892. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14351a
Susanti, A. (2023). Digitalization of Media Create Precocious Alpha Generation. Jurnal Spektrum Komunikasi, 11(2), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.37826/spektrum.v11i2.474
Susilo, M. J., Dewantoro, M. H., & Yuningsih, Y. (2022). Character education trend in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 16(2), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v16i2.20411
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