Abstract
Purpose – The focus or main purpose of this study emphasizes appropriate collaboration between the roles of digital literacy, AI platforms, and learning styles in learners so that it provides a significant impact on learning effectiveness, particularly on learners' learning outcomes.
Methods/Design/Approach – This study uses a quantitative approach, with a multiple linear regression method. The population and sample are students of Vocational High School (SMK) in East Java, with a research sample of 384 respondents using random sampling and Cochran calculation. Data collection uses a questionnaire (survey) method with a 7-point Likert scale. Validity and reliability tests are used to test the feasibility of the instrument, and continued with model feasibility testing using the classical assumption test, while hypothesis testing uses multiple linear regression test analysis.
Findings – The results show that partially and simultaneously the variables of digital literacy, artificial inttelegence, and learning styles have a significant effect on learning outcomes. This is seen from the t-count value > t-table [DL: 6.020 > 1.966; AI: 4.408 > 1.966; 14.166 > 1.966], and also the F-count value > F-table [250.106 > 2.268], in addition the R-Square value also shows 0.664.
Originality/Value – This study has strong originality because it simultaneously examines the roles of digital literacy, the use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based platforms, and learners' learning styles in influencing learning effectiveness. This study has not been widely conducted comprehensively, thus providing a new contribution in understanding how these three aspects interact with each other and impact the quality of the teaching and learning process in the digital era.
Practical Implications – These findings emphasize more on how all actors in education (students, teachers, and educational institutions) are able to integrate digital literacy into the curriculum, utilize artificial intelligence (AI)-based learning platforms that support personalization, and map students' learning styles early to adjust teaching strategies.
Keywords AI, learning effectiveness, learning styles, learning outcomes, digital literacy
Paper type Research paper
Keywords
References
Akour, M., & Alenezi, M. (2022). Higher Education Future in the Era of Digital Transformation. Education Sciences, 12(11), 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12110784
Alzboun, M. S., Halalsheh, N. Z., Alslaiti, F. M., Aldreabi, H., & Dahdoul, N. K. S. (2023). The Effect of Digital Content Designed Based on Learning Styles on Academic Achievement and Motivation toward Learning. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 11(6), 1405–1423. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.3750
Andriani, F., & Nugraheni, N. (2024). Analisis Karakteristik Gaya Belajar Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Dasar (JRPD), 5(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.30595/jrpd.v5i1.16067
Arono, A., Arsyad, S., Syahriman, S., Nadrah, N., & Villia, A. S. (2022). Exploring the Effect of Digital Literacy Skill and Learning Style of Students on Their Meta-Cognitive Strategies in Listening. International Journal of Instruction, 15(1), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15130a
Azizah, S. A., Usman, A., Fauzi, M. A. R., & Rosita, E. (2023). Analisis Gaya Belajar Siswa dalam Menerapkan Pembelajaran Berdeferensiasi. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 1(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.47134/jtp.v1i2.74
Bachtiar, W., Priatna, W. B., Santoso, H., Wijaya, A. S., & Nugroho, D. R. (2024). The Importance of Digital Literacy in Enhancing the Quality of Education and Social Harmony. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i11-43
Biezā, K. E. (2020). Digital Literacy. International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society, 11(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSEUS.2020040101
Coolican, H. (2018). Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (7th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315201009
Cope, B., Kalantzis, M., & Searsmith, D. (2021). Artificial intelligence for education: Knowledge and its assessment in AI-enabled learning ecologies. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 53(12), 1229–1245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1728732
Dzulkalnine, N., Sumardi, N. A., Azman, M. N. A., Ibrahim, I., Qudus, N., & Abu Bakar, S. M. S. (2024). The Preferences of Student’s Learning Method Based on Course, Gender and Age: Visual, Audio, Reading & Kinesthetic (VARK). Information Management and Business Review, 16(2(I)S), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i2(I)S.3764
El-Sabagh, H. A. (2021). Adaptive e-learning environment based on learning styles and its impact on development students’ engagement. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00289-4
Fahrurozi, S. K., Massaty, M. H., & Muslim, R. (2024). Artificial Intelligence as Innovation in Mathematics Learning in Vocational Schools: A Systematic Review. Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education (JMME), 14(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.20961/jmme.v14i2.99927
Fajriati, A., Wisroni, W., & Handrianto, C. (2024). Pemanfaatan Teknologi Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam Pembelajaran Berbasis Peserta Didik di Era Digital. Wahana Pedagogika: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 6(2), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.52166/wp.v6i2.7890
Falloon, G. (2020). From digital literacy to digital competence: The teacher digital competency (TDC) framework. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(5), 2449–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4
Fransisca, M., & Saputri, R. P. (2025). Needs Assessment of Artificial Intelligence in Education at Vocational High School. The Indonesian Journal of Computer Science, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.33022/ijcs.v14i1.4565
Ginting, D., Fahmi, F., Fitri, D. I., Mulyani, Y. S., Ismiyani, N., & Sabudu, D. (2021). Literasi Digital dalam Dunia Pendidikan Abad Ke-21. Media Nusa Creative.
Guilherme, A. (2019). AI and education: The importance of teacher and student relations. AI & SOCIETY, 34(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-017-0693-8
Hair, J. F., Page, M., & Brunsveld, N. (2020). Essentials of Business Research Methods (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315704562
Halytska-Didukh, T., Hrytsak, N., Tetiana, S., Yablonska, O., & Yablonskyi, M. (2023). Increasing the Effectiveness of The Quality of Education Among Students of Higher Education on the Basis of Modern Information Technologies. Conhecimento & Diversidade, 15(37), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v15i37.10919
Hashim, M. A. M., Tlemsani, I., & Matthews, R. (2022). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3171–3195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10739-1
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education. In Data ethics: Building trust: How digital technologies can serve humanity (pp. 621–653). Globethics Publications. https://doi.org/10.58863/20.500.12424/4276068
Iain, P. (2021). Applied Regression Modeling (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Khan, N., Sarwar, A., Chen, T. B., & Khan, S. (2022). Connecting digital literacy in higher education to the 21st century workforce. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 14(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2022.14.004
Kwiatkowska, W., & Wiśniewska-Nogaj, L. (2022). Digital Skills and Online Collaborative Learning: The Study Report. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 20(5), 510–522. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.20.5.2412
Mahmoud, C. F., & Sørensen, J. T. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Learning with a Focus on Current Developments and Future Prospects. Research and Advances in Education, 3(8), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.56397/RAE.2024.08.04
Mahmud, Moh. N. (2022). RELIGIOUS MODERATION. Jurnal Diskursus Islam, 10(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.24252/jdi.v10i1.28809
Major, L., Francis, G. A., & Tsapali, M. (2021). The effectiveness of technology‐supported personalised learning in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A meta‐analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(5), 1935–1964. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13116
Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning Styles. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x
Qazi, S., Kadri, M. B., Naveed, M., Khawaja, B. A., Khan, S. Z., Alam, M. M., & Su’ud, M. M. (2024). AI-Driven Learning Management Systems: Modern Developments, Challenges and Future Trends during the Age of ChatGPT. Computers, Materials & Continua, 80(2), 3289–3314. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2024.048893
Raza, I. (2016). Factors Affecting Adoption of Educational Discipline and Satisfaction Level Among Higher Education Students. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 3(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v3i1.713
Razilu, Z. (2025). Inovasi Pembelajaran: Inegrasi Artificial Intelligence dalam Teknologi Pendidikan. Widina Media Utama.
Robinson, D. H. (2022). Learning Styles, Classroom Instruction, and Student Achievement. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90792-1
Sanjani, M. A. (2021). Pentingnya Strategi Pembelajaran yang Tepat Bagi Siswa. Jurnal Serunai Administrasi Pendidikan, 10(2).
Simatupang, H. (2019). Strategi Belajar Mengajar Abad Ke-21. CV. Cipta Media Edukasi.
Soegeng Tsh, A. Y., & Maryadi, M. (2015). Evaluasi Hasil Belajar: Pengetahhuan dan Teknik. Magnum Pustaka Utama.
Sulistyono, N. J., Suparji, S., Wiyanto, T., Suhartini, R., & Ilham, I. (2024). Understanding AI Usage in Academics among Vocational High School Students. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(10), 1917–1927. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsis.v2i10.1318
Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of Artificial Intelligence in the classroom: The relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00448-3
Zakir, S., Hoque, M. E., Susanto, P., Nisaa, V., Alam, Md. K., Khatimah, H., & Mulyani, E. (2025). Digital literacy and academic performance: The mediating roles of digital informal learning, self-efficacy, and students’ digital competence. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1590274
Licensing
©️ 2025 The Author(s). Published by Global Educational Research Review.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The terms of this license allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript or Published Version in institutional or subject repositories by the author(s).
Reprints and Permissions
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Permission is not required to reuse this article, in part or whole, as long as proper
attribution is given
to the original work.
Keywords
References
Akour, M., & Alenezi, M. (2022). Higher Education Future in the Era of Digital Transformation. Education Sciences, 12(11), 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12110784
Alzboun, M. S., Halalsheh, N. Z., Alslaiti, F. M., Aldreabi, H., & Dahdoul, N. K. S. (2023). The Effect of Digital Content Designed Based on Learning Styles on Academic Achievement and Motivation toward Learning. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 11(6), 1405–1423. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.3750
Andriani, F., & Nugraheni, N. (2024). Analisis Karakteristik Gaya Belajar Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Dasar (JRPD), 5(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.30595/jrpd.v5i1.16067
Arono, A., Arsyad, S., Syahriman, S., Nadrah, N., & Villia, A. S. (2022). Exploring the Effect of Digital Literacy Skill and Learning Style of Students on Their Meta-Cognitive Strategies in Listening. International Journal of Instruction, 15(1), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15130a
Azizah, S. A., Usman, A., Fauzi, M. A. R., & Rosita, E. (2023). Analisis Gaya Belajar Siswa dalam Menerapkan Pembelajaran Berdeferensiasi. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 1(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.47134/jtp.v1i2.74
Bachtiar, W., Priatna, W. B., Santoso, H., Wijaya, A. S., & Nugroho, D. R. (2024). The Importance of Digital Literacy in Enhancing the Quality of Education and Social Harmony. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i11-43
Biezā, K. E. (2020). Digital Literacy. International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society, 11(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSEUS.2020040101
Coolican, H. (2018). Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (7th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315201009
Cope, B., Kalantzis, M., & Searsmith, D. (2021). Artificial intelligence for education: Knowledge and its assessment in AI-enabled learning ecologies. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 53(12), 1229–1245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1728732
Dzulkalnine, N., Sumardi, N. A., Azman, M. N. A., Ibrahim, I., Qudus, N., & Abu Bakar, S. M. S. (2024). The Preferences of Student’s Learning Method Based on Course, Gender and Age: Visual, Audio, Reading & Kinesthetic (VARK). Information Management and Business Review, 16(2(I)S), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i2(I)S.3764
El-Sabagh, H. A. (2021). Adaptive e-learning environment based on learning styles and its impact on development students’ engagement. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00289-4
Fahrurozi, S. K., Massaty, M. H., & Muslim, R. (2024). Artificial Intelligence as Innovation in Mathematics Learning in Vocational Schools: A Systematic Review. Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education (JMME), 14(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.20961/jmme.v14i2.99927
Fajriati, A., Wisroni, W., & Handrianto, C. (2024). Pemanfaatan Teknologi Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam Pembelajaran Berbasis Peserta Didik di Era Digital. Wahana Pedagogika: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 6(2), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.52166/wp.v6i2.7890
Falloon, G. (2020). From digital literacy to digital competence: The teacher digital competency (TDC) framework. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(5), 2449–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4
Fransisca, M., & Saputri, R. P. (2025). Needs Assessment of Artificial Intelligence in Education at Vocational High School. The Indonesian Journal of Computer Science, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.33022/ijcs.v14i1.4565
Ginting, D., Fahmi, F., Fitri, D. I., Mulyani, Y. S., Ismiyani, N., & Sabudu, D. (2021). Literasi Digital dalam Dunia Pendidikan Abad Ke-21. Media Nusa Creative.
Guilherme, A. (2019). AI and education: The importance of teacher and student relations. AI & SOCIETY, 34(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-017-0693-8
Hair, J. F., Page, M., & Brunsveld, N. (2020). Essentials of Business Research Methods (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315704562
Halytska-Didukh, T., Hrytsak, N., Tetiana, S., Yablonska, O., & Yablonskyi, M. (2023). Increasing the Effectiveness of The Quality of Education Among Students of Higher Education on the Basis of Modern Information Technologies. Conhecimento & Diversidade, 15(37), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v15i37.10919
Hashim, M. A. M., Tlemsani, I., & Matthews, R. (2022). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3171–3195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10739-1
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education. In Data ethics: Building trust: How digital technologies can serve humanity (pp. 621–653). Globethics Publications. https://doi.org/10.58863/20.500.12424/4276068
Iain, P. (2021). Applied Regression Modeling (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Khan, N., Sarwar, A., Chen, T. B., & Khan, S. (2022). Connecting digital literacy in higher education to the 21st century workforce. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 14(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2022.14.004
Kwiatkowska, W., & Wiśniewska-Nogaj, L. (2022). Digital Skills and Online Collaborative Learning: The Study Report. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 20(5), 510–522. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.20.5.2412
Mahmoud, C. F., & Sørensen, J. T. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Learning with a Focus on Current Developments and Future Prospects. Research and Advances in Education, 3(8), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.56397/RAE.2024.08.04
Mahmud, Moh. N. (2022). RELIGIOUS MODERATION. Jurnal Diskursus Islam, 10(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.24252/jdi.v10i1.28809
Major, L., Francis, G. A., & Tsapali, M. (2021). The effectiveness of technology‐supported personalised learning in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A meta‐analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(5), 1935–1964. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13116
Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning Styles. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x
Qazi, S., Kadri, M. B., Naveed, M., Khawaja, B. A., Khan, S. Z., Alam, M. M., & Su’ud, M. M. (2024). AI-Driven Learning Management Systems: Modern Developments, Challenges and Future Trends during the Age of ChatGPT. Computers, Materials & Continua, 80(2), 3289–3314. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2024.048893
Raza, I. (2016). Factors Affecting Adoption of Educational Discipline and Satisfaction Level Among Higher Education Students. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 3(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v3i1.713
Razilu, Z. (2025). Inovasi Pembelajaran: Inegrasi Artificial Intelligence dalam Teknologi Pendidikan. Widina Media Utama.
Robinson, D. H. (2022). Learning Styles, Classroom Instruction, and Student Achievement. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90792-1
Sanjani, M. A. (2021). Pentingnya Strategi Pembelajaran yang Tepat Bagi Siswa. Jurnal Serunai Administrasi Pendidikan, 10(2).
Simatupang, H. (2019). Strategi Belajar Mengajar Abad Ke-21. CV. Cipta Media Edukasi.
Soegeng Tsh, A. Y., & Maryadi, M. (2015). Evaluasi Hasil Belajar: Pengetahhuan dan Teknik. Magnum Pustaka Utama.
Sulistyono, N. J., Suparji, S., Wiyanto, T., Suhartini, R., & Ilham, I. (2024). Understanding AI Usage in Academics among Vocational High School Students. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(10), 1917–1927. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsis.v2i10.1318
Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of Artificial Intelligence in the classroom: The relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00448-3
Zakir, S., Hoque, M. E., Susanto, P., Nisaa, V., Alam, Md. K., Khatimah, H., & Mulyani, E. (2025). Digital literacy and academic performance: The mediating roles of digital informal learning, self-efficacy, and students’ digital competence. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1590274
Licensing
©️ 2025 The Author(s). Published by Global Educational Research Review.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The terms of this license allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript or Published Version in institutional or subject repositories by the author(s).
Reprints and Permissions
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Permission is not required to reuse this article, in part or whole, as long as proper attribution is
given
to the original work.